Governments have agreed to an improved set of climate goals for the shipping sector after climate vulnerable Pacific nations and trade-reliant emerging economies struck a compromise at talks in London.
After two weeks of negotiations which Kiribati’s negotiator described as “challenging and distressing” for everyone, negotiators at the headquarters of the United Nations shipping arm rose to applaud the agreement of the shipping industry’s new climate strategy.
At the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), they agreed that the sector will aim to cut emissions 20% between 2008 and 2030, 70 percent by 2040 and reach net zero “by or around, i.e. close to 2050”.
The targets are less ambitious than those that international bodies including the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) consider compatible with limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
While not legally binding, the agreement sends a signal to the industry on the direction of travel. Future work is planned to set out concrete measures that aim to reduce emissions, for example by introducing more climate-friendly fuel standards.
In the final evening of the talks, the Pacific island nations managed to include provisions for the sector to “striv[e]” for a 30 percent reduction by 2030 and an 80 percent cut by 2040. It was a last-minute victory that allowed them to claim that the global temperature limit of 1.5C was kept “in reach”.
Despite resistance, the meeting agreed to look into a tax on shipping emissions – although how much the tax should be and how the money should be spent will be fought over at future meetings.
The meeting was marked by divisions between Pacific islands and developed countries that wanted more ambition and big emerging economies, especially in South America, that expressed concern about making shipping more expensive and damaging global trade and their economies.
In final comments, after the deal was agreed, Tuvalu’s negotiator said he was “very disappointed with a strategy which falls short of what we needed”.
The Marshall Islands negotiator said he had “mixed feelings” and there was “much work to do to make sure 1.5 remains not just within reach but a reality”.
On the other hand, India’s negotiator said he remained concerned about “unrealistic targets” while the USA said the targets were “ambitious but also feasible”.
Governments on both sides of the debate repeatedly praised the constructive nature of talks. Brazil thanked “friends in the Pacific islands” while Tuvalu gave “thanks to Latin America and developing countries of the global south for the spirit of compromise”.
But Vanuatu’s negotiator complained that small groups of states had hashed out deals in closed rooms.
As it was his first IMO meeting, he said “it strikes me that there needs to be better transparency and open decision-making”
The IMO rules ban journalists from reporting negotiators’ names without their permission.
As they transport goods around the world, ships burn huge amounts of polluting fuel. This contributes around three percent of the world’s total emissions, more than major nations like Germany.
But, like plane travel, international shipping is not included in countries’ climate plans, so they gather at the United Nations shipping arm, the IMO, in London to set the rules.
Most big emitters already have net zero targets and the body governing international plane travel set an “aspirational” net zero by 2050 goal last year.
But, before negotiators gathered in London, the shipping sector only had a target, set in 2018, to cut emissions in half on 2008 levels by 2050. The sector had no targets for 2030 or 2040.
Since that target was set in 2018, momentum has grown towards setting a net zero goal. Big developing countries like Nigeria, Chile and Vietnam had joined developed countries and climate vulnerable Pacific islands in calling for such an outcome.
After a week of behind closed door talks in London, the chair produced a draft agreement on Monday which included a goal to reach net zero “by 2050 at the latest” or “by or around 2050”.
In an open meeting on Monday, the “2050 at the latest” goal was supported mainly by Pacific islands and developed countries.
On the other hand, several big developing countries like China, Indonesia and Saudi Arabia called for the weaker “around 2050”.
Saudi Arabia’s representative called for a “flexible and adaptable approach” while China’s said that shipping enabled economic growth which gave the world more money to spend battling climate change.
After two days of talks in a large IMO meeting room that was closed to the press, the chair produced a new draft which compromised on “by or around, i.e. close to 2050”.
The U.S negotiator said this was a “clear signal to all stakeholders that we need to take decisive action”.
As ships usually last for decades, some being built now will still be in use around 2050.
As the prospect of a 2050 net zero goal increased over the last few years, campaigners and some governments turned their focus to more immediate targets.
The industry’s emissions are currently rising and are predicted to keep doing so until 2050, unless shipping changes.
Pacific islands, the U.S and the UK went to London calling for cuts of 36 percent by 2030 and 96 percent by 2040, which stem from what the SBTi judged compatible with limiting global warming to 1.5C.
The European Union called for slightly less ambitious figures of 29 percent and 83 percent while sources involved in last week’s closed talks, said some countries like China, South Africa and Saudi Arabia didn’t want 2030 or 2040 targets at all.
China’s negotiator argued in open talks on Monday that the targets should be “practical, reasonable and feasible” and their impact should be assessed. He described trade and development, as well as climate, as “existential” issues.
A draft strategy on Monday included targets of 20 percent and 70 percent and, despite a lobbying campaign from Pacific islands, these remained unchanged throughout the week’s talks.
But Pacific islands did win a last-minute improvement in an additional goal on what to “striv[e]” for Monday and Thursday’s draft strategies included goals of 25 percent by 2030 and 75 percent by 2040.
After talks on Thursday evening though, these were upped to 30 percent and 80 percent respectively. The Marshall Islands negotiator Albon Ishoda told journalists “these higher targets are the result of relentless, unceasing lobbying by ambitious Pacific islands, against the odds.”
After the deal was struck, Malaysia’s negotiator quoted the Chinese philosopher Confucius: “It does not matter how slowly you go, as long as you don’t stop”.
But Vanuatu’s negotiator expressed more urgency. He said that, as the smashing of global temperature records recently showed, “none of us have time.